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World Economic Outlook, April 2018
Cyclical Upswing, Structural Change
The upswing in global investment and trade continued in the second half of 2017, but medium-term risks point to challenges for future growth.

Information Technology and Productivity Growth in Asia »
Source: Information Technology and Productivity Growth in Asia
Volume/Issue: 2003/15
Series: IMF Working Papers
Author(s): Il Lee , and Yougesh Khatri
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 01 January 2003
ISBN: 9781451843286
Keywords: Growth, ict, tfp, growth accounting, information technology, economic growth,
The contribution of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector to growth in Asian economies is clearly evident from the expenditure side (net exports) and became particularly significant in the secon...

The Leap of the Tiger »
Source: The Leap of the Tiger : How Malaysia Can Escape the Middle-Income Trap
Volume/Issue: 2015/131
Series: IMF Working Papers
Author(s): Reda Cherif , and Fuad Hasanov
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 23 June 2015
ISBN: 9781513556017
Keywords: growth, middle-income trap, innovation, technology, electronics, it, at, technologies, Government Policy, General
Only a few European economies and Korea and Taiwan Province of China reached high-income status during 1970-2010. Malaysia's real income per capita increased to 26 percent of the U.S. level in 2010 from 20 percent...

Political Risk Aversion »
Source: Political Risk Aversion
Volume/Issue: 2009/194
Series: IMF Working Papers
Author(s): Laura Valderrama
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 01 September 2009
ISBN: 9781451873412
Keywords: Individual uncertainty, Innovation, Dynamic voting, Institutional reform., new technology, technology choice, institutional reform, investors, expropriation, Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty,
This paper studies the effect of individual uncertainty on collective decision-making to implement innovation. We show how individual uncertainty creates a bias for the status quo even under irreversible voting dec...

ICT Equipment Investment and Growth in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries »
Source: ICT Equipment Investment and Growth in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries
Volume/Issue: 2010/66
Series: IMF Working Papers
Author(s): Markus Haacker
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 01 March 2010
ISBN: 9781451982107
Keywords: ICT, technology, equipment investment, technological progress, trade data, technological advances, information technology, net exports, Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, One
While production of ICT equipment plays a subordinate role for economic growth in most of these countries, they do benefit from capital deepening arising from falling prices of ICT equipment. Adapting established g...

Changing Patterns of Global Trade »
Source: Changing Patterns of Global Trade
Series: Departmental Papers / Policy Papers
Author(s): Nagwa Riad , Luca Errico , Christian Henn , Christian Saborowski , Mika Saito , and Jarkko Turunen
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 09 January 2012
ISBN: 9781616352073
Keywords: Emerging markets, Developed countries, International trade, Trade integration, supply chain, gross exports, trade flows, global trade, technology exports
Changing Patterns of Global Trade outlines the factors underlying important shifts in global trade that have occurred in recent decades. The emergence of global supply chains and their increasing role in trade patt...

Appendix 2: Measures Used to Characterize Global Supply Chains »
Source: Changing Patterns of Global Trade
Series: Departmental Papers / Policy Papers
Author(s): Nagwa Riad , Luca Errico , Christian Henn , Christian Saborowski , Mika Saito , and Jarkko Turunen
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 09 January 2012
ISBN: 9781616352073
Keywords: Emerging markets, Developed countries, International trade, Trade integration, supply chain, gross exports, trade flows, global trade, technology exports
Hummels, Ishii, and Yi (2001) were the first to measure the value of imported contents embodied in a country’s exports. Their measure, referred to as vertical specialization (VS)...

Appendix 3: Definition of Concepts Related to Export Analysis »
Source: Changing Patterns of Global Trade
Series: Departmental Papers / Policy Papers
Author(s): Nagwa Riad , Luca Errico , Christian Henn , Christian Saborowski , Mika Saito , and Jarkko Turunen
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 09 January 2012
ISBN: 9781616352073
Keywords: Emerging markets, Developed countries, International trade, Trade integration, supply chain, gross exports, trade flows, global trade, technology exports
Finger and Kreinin (1979) is calculated as:...

Appendix 4: New Drivers of Global Trade: Key Stylized Facts »
Source: Changing Patterns of Global Trade
Series: Departmental Papers / Policy Papers
Author(s): Nagwa Riad , Luca Errico , Christian Henn , Christian Saborowski , Mika Saito , and Jarkko Turunen
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 09 January 2012
ISBN: 9781616352073
Keywords: Emerging markets, Developed countries, International trade, Trade integration, supply chain, gross exports, trade flows, global trade, technology exports
Figure A4.1). As a consequence, those countries more strongly exposed to EMEs generally experienced higher trade growth. Some, though not all, of China’s rapid export growth can...

Appendix 5: Data and Modeling Strategy »
Source: Changing Patterns of Global Trade
Series: Departmental Papers / Policy Papers
Author(s): Nagwa Riad , Luca Errico , Christian Henn , Christian Saborowski , Mika Saito , and Jarkko Turunen
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 09 January 2012
ISBN: 9781616352073
Keywords: Emerging markets, Developed countries, International trade, Trade integration, supply chain, gross exports, trade flows, global trade, technology exports
The objective of this exercise is to quantify at a high level of product detail the implications of sectoral and supply chain linkages on the trade impact of relative price changes. The model employed for th...

Appendix 6: Measuring the Impact of Relative Price Changes on the Current Account Balance »
Source: Changing Patterns of Global Trade
Series: Departmental Papers / Policy Papers
Author(s): Nagwa Riad , Luca Errico , Christian Henn , Christian Saborowski , Mika Saito , and Jarkko Turunen
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 09 January 2012
ISBN: 9781616352073
Keywords: Emerging markets, Developed countries, International trade, Trade integration, supply chain, gross exports, trade flows, global trade, technology exports
Appendix 2 are fed back into the current account balance relative to GDP in two ways. First a fall in exports in each sector for example would lead to a fall in the DVA by a cert...